How To Use Telnet

1. Click on “Start Button”
2. Click on “Control Panel (menu item)” in “Start menu"
3. Click on “Uninstall a program (link)” in “Control Panel”
4. Click on “Turn Windows features on or off (link)” in “Programs and Features”
5. Click in “Windows Features” box and find the “Telnet Client” check box
6. Allow the system to install the appropriate files – should take only a few seconds to a minute or so.

   To test the functionality:

   1.   Click on the “Start button”

   2.   Click on “Search Box” in “Start menu”

   3.   Type “cmd” in the “Search box” to bring up a command prompt

   4.    Type “telnet” and hit “enter”. You should now see the Microsoft Telnet> prompt

   5.   There you go.  Easy enough.

    

Gopher History

The Gopher protocol ( /ˈɡoʊfər/) is a TCP/IP application layer protocol designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving documents over the Internet. Strongly oriented towards a menu-document design, the Gopher protocol presented an attractive alternative to the World Wide Web in its early stages, but ultimately failed to achieve popularity.

The protocol offers some features not natively supported by the Web and imposes a much stronger hierarchy on information stored on it. Its text menu interface is easy to use,^[1] and well-suited to computing environments that rely heavily on remote text-oriented computer terminals, which were still common at the time of its creation in 1991, and the simplicity of its protocol facilitated a wide variety of client implementations. More recent Gopher revisions and graphical clients added support for multimedia.^[1] Gopher was preferred by many network administrators for using fewer network resources than Web services.^[2]

With its hierarchical structure, Gopher provided a useful platform for the first large-scale electronic library connections.^[3] Gopher users remember the system as being "faster and more efficient and so much more organised" than today's Web services.^[4] Although largely supplanted by the Web in the years following, the Gopher protocol is still in use by enthusiasts, and a small population of actively-maintained servers remains.

The original Gopher system was released in late spring of 1991 by Mark McCahill, Farhad Anklesaria, Paul Lindner, Daniel Torrey, and Bob Alberti of the University of Minnesota.^[5] Its central goals were, as stated in RFC 1436:

• A file-like hierarchical arrangement that would be familiar to users.
• A simple syntax.
• A system that can be created quickly and inexpensively.
• Extending the file system metaphor, such as searches.

Gopher combines document hierarchies with collections of services, including WAIS, the Archie and Veronica search engines, and gateways to other information systems such as FTP and Usenet.

The general interest in Campus-Wide Information Systems (CWISs)^[6] in higher education at the time, and the ease with which a Gopher server could be set up to create an instant CWIS with links to other sites' online directories and resources were the factors contributing to Gopher's rapid adoption. By 1992, the standard method of locating someone's e-mail address was to find their organization's CCSO nameserver entry in Gopher, and query the nameserver.^[7]

The name was coined by Anklesaria^[8] as a play off of several meanings of the word "gopher." The University of Minnesota mascot is the gopher,^[9] a gofer (same sound) is an assistant who "goes for" things, and a gopher burrows through the ground to reach a desired location.

The World Wide Web was in its infancy in 1991, and Gopher services quickly became established. By the late 1990s, Gopher had largely ceased expanding. Several factors contributed to Gopher's stagnation:

• In February 1993, the University of Minnesota announced that it would charge licensing fees for the use of its implementation of the Gopher server.^[10] As a consequence of this, some users were concerned that a licensing fee would also be charged for independent implementations.^[11][12] Users were scared away from Gopher technology, to the advantage of the Web, which CERN disclaimed ownership of.^[13] The University of Minnesota later re-licensed its Gopher software under the GNU GPL.^[14]
• Gopher client functionality was quickly duplicated by early Web browsers, such as Mosaic, which subsumed the protocol as part of their functions.
• Gopher has a more rigid structure compared to the free-form HTML of the Web. With Gopher, every document has a defined format and type, and the typical user navigates through a single server-defined menu system to get to a particular document. This can be quite different from the way a typical user might traverse documents on the Web.

Gopher remains in active use by its enthusiasts, and there have been attempts to revive the use of Gopher on modern platforms and mobile devices. One such attempt is The Overbite Project, which hosts various browser extensions and modern clients.

As of 2010, there are approximately 150 gopher servers indexed by Veronica-2,^[15] reflecting a slow growth from 2007 when there were fewer than 100,^[16] although many are infrequently updated. A handful of new servers are set up every year by hobbyists — over 50 have been set up and added to Floodgap's list since 1999.^[17] A snapshot of Gopherspace as it was in 2007 was circulated on BitTorrent and is still available.^[18] Due to the simplicity of the Gopher protocol, setting up new servers or adding Gopher support to browsers is often done in a tongue in cheek manner, principally on April Fools' Day.^[19][20]

Sejarah Gopher (Indonesian)

Pada tahun 1991 Gopher diperkenalkan oleh Paul Lindner dan Mark P. McCahill dari Universitas of  Minnesota. Dengan Gopher, pengguna internet dapat melakukan pencarian di internet, namun masih berupa format text. Pada tahun yang sama WWW (World Wide Web) diluncurkan oleh CERN di Jenewa Swiss. Dan saat itu pula peniliti Inggris bernama Tim Berner-Lee berhasil menciptakan HTML (HyperText Markup  Language), yang menggunakan spesifik URL (Uniform Resources Locator) sebagai alamat web.

Alat yang pertama kali digunakan untuk melakukan pencarian melalui internet disebut “Archie”. Diciptakan tahun 1990 oleh Alan Emtage, seorang siswa dari Universitas Mcgill di Montreal. Program tersebut mendownload daftar direktori dari semua file dan ditempatkan pada alamat FTP, menciptakan suatu filename database yang bisa dicari.

Jika program Archie meng-index file komputer, “Gopher” meng-index teks dokumen. Gopher diciptakan pada tahun 1991 oleh Mark Mccahill di Universitas Minnesota. Karena berbentuk file teks, hampir semua situs gopher menjadi website setelah terciptanya World Wide Web.

Program yang lainnya yaitu “Veronica” dan “Jughead”, yang berfungsi untuk mencari file yang disimpan di dalam sistem index Gopher. Veronica (Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Net-wide Index to Computerized Archives) menyediakan pencarian dengan menggunakan kata kunci di menu judul dalam seluruh daftar Gopher. Jughead ( Jonzy’s Universal Gopher Hierarchy Excavation And Display ) adalah suatu alat untuk memperoleh menu informasi dari beberapa jenis Gopher server.

Search engine pada web yang pertama adalah “Wandex”, suatu nowdefunct index yang dikumpulkan oleh World Wide Web Wanderer, suatu Web Crawler yang dikembangkan oleh Matthew Gray lulusan MIT tahun 1993. Pada tahun yang sama, sebuah search engine lainnya keluar yaitu Aliweb, yang saat ini masih ada. Search engine pertama kalinya yang “full text” atau search engine yang hampir semuanya tulisan adalah Web Crawler yang muncul pada tahun 1994. tidak seperti search engine sebelumnya, web crawler yang muncul pada tahun 1994. Tidak seperti search engine sebelumnya, web crawler mengijinkan para pemakai mencari informasi dengan menggunakan kata apa saja pada halaman web mana saja. Inilah yang menjadi standarisasi dari semua search engine yang ada sekarang ini.

Setelah itu, banyak search engine yang bermunculan dan saling berlomba untuk mendapatkan ketenaran. Diantaranya Excite, Infosee, Inktomi, Northern Light, dan AltaVista. Dalam beberapa hal, mereka bersaing dengan direktori terkenal seperti Yahoo!.

Sebelum web muncul, terdapat search engine untuk protokol atau pengguna lain, seperti Archie untuk situs anonymous FTP dan Veronica untuk protokol Gopher. Baru-baru ini muncul juga search engine online yang menggunakan XML atau RSS. Dengan ini search engine menjadi lebih efisien mengindex data pada website tanpa tuntutan yang rumit. Sehingga website hanya menyediakan suatu timbal balik XML dengan index-index search engine. Timbal-balik XML secara meningkat disediakan secara otomatis oleh weblogs atau blogs. Contoh search engine ini adalah feedster, seperti LjFind Search yang menyediakan jasa pencarian untuk Livejournal blogs.